State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. Municipalities could increase service fees (such as those on parking and construction permits) as well as fines, taxes, and the cost of accessing city assets (such as beaches). 0000002251 00000 n Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk UN==dN#R. Abstract and Figures This paper examines trends in local government revenues and current challenges that local governments face in raising revenue. endobj Bundle charges. Do all people eligible for the EITC participate? Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments. /XObject << endobj How does the availability of tax-favored retirement saving affect national saving? Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. /F7 42 0 R Okwori, J., & Sule, A. >> trailer And as the new normal begins to take shape, you'll also have to plan for the near- and long . To serve as an intermediary between government at the center and local communities. 1 0 obj /GS7 17 0 R state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. /Meta39 39 0 R /S /Transparency HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb 11 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /Image8 18 0 R /Meta44 31 0 R /Image20 81 0 R /Image97 76 0 R Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in What is the role of monetary policy in alleviating economic downturns? What was the experience with return-free filing in California? PubMedGoogle Scholar, Insitute of African Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Ntiwunka, G., Ayodele, T.M. >> 4. What are municipal bonds and how are they used? Wendthat,incitieswherearelativelyhighershareofrevenueiscollectedthrough nes, fees, and asset forfeitures, violent crimes are cleared at a relatively lower rate, 3 Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Group This unit has several responsibilities. << /ExtGState << >> ;nUG]~[ sp!@Q06"NY;k g],g>$6%E#w .CB}6{yghj9Kv:Q9w l+/;2w >> Furthermore, technological advancements can aid increased surveillance. Census of Governments, vol. /F2 83 0 R What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. But, communities are still facing a numerous difficulties in access to basic goods and services from local governments Authorities (Pradeep, 2011). /F10 61 0 R 4 0 obj Agu (2010) examined the . /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] . /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 0000001471 00000 n In 2013, Seoul introduced a volume-based food waste disposal charge that succeeded in reducing its daily food waste significantly. What is the difference between a tax-exclusive and tax-inclusive sales tax rate? Cameron Amos and Jesper Lindqvist, Finlands fine example, The Australia Institute, January 2016, tai.org.au. Grants to local governments 11 endobj 0000003348 00000 n Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 4 0 obj Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. What are tax credits and how do they differ from tax deductions? (2011). What is the experience of other countries with national retail sales taxes? The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. /Type /Page The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. Washington DC: Urban Institute. / /Type /Page share. /Meta52 49 0 R Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. How do state estate and inheritance taxes work? /Type /Group /Tabs /S /Tabs /S /Font << xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ /4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ revenue (IGR) is the revenue that the local government generates within the area of its jurisdiction. Cover cost to serve where possible. /Image87 74 0 R Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? Recent Comprehensive Tax Reform Proposals, The State of State (and Local) Tax Policy, Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Institutions. Accessed 18 July 2016. /GS31 30 0 R Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. What are the sources of revenue for local governments? Meanwhile, individual income taxes have also increased as a percentage of state and local general revenue, providing 10 percent in 1977 and 13 percent in 2019. What is return-free filing and how would it work? sources, via the external sources and the internal source. >> In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has a control unit that monitors the performance of regions and the regional government authorities that oversee municipalities. /F1 82 0 R /GS7 17 0 R For example, New Yorks Nassau County installed red-light cameras at 86 intersections in 2016 and produced more than 500,000 tickets for motorists, which generated $48 million. Once cities have identified their field of options, they must consider several questions before jumping into implementation: Which streams and interventions can generate the most revenues with a limited impact on stakeholders? Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. 5 /CS /DeviceRGB What are the sources of revenue for state governments? In our experience, governments can capture significant valueup to 50 percent of potential additional revenuesby implementing measures linked to effectiveness such as enhancing collections and audit processes or better asset monetization. This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? /ExtGState << Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? Most cities have yet to unlock the full potential of their existing revenue sources, let alone tap into new streams. /F1 20 0 R /ExtGState << /StructParents 2 How do state and local severance taxes work? >> This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. 2 0 obj fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. /Resources << For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. /Group << Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. 3. /StructParents 9 Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. /Meta49 54 0 R Of course, feasibility depends in part on the impact of an action on the city and its residents. Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10, 2018, newsday.com. Are the Social Security trust funds real? Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(8),113123. /Parent 2 0 R One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. What are defined benefit retirement plans? endstream /XObject << >> Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. <>>> Gordon, Tracy, Richard Auxier, and John Iselin. . /F10 61 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /XObject << What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? In so doing, they impose some taxes and rates on these economic activities as a way of generating funds for their Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. /Font << /Resources << What are inversions, and how will TCJA affect them? Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. /Tabs /S /XObject << What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? /Tabs /S essential social services to the people. University of Lagos Press. How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? %PDF-1.5 wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 /Font << Lucy Dadayan (reports are updated quarterly), Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes What are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis? /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] Gordon, Tracy. /XObject << >> How much does the federal government spend on health care? /Image8 18 0 R /Resources << Create new revenue streams. The challenge of local government financing in developing countries These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). 3 0 obj The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. /Contents 64 0 R The finding revealed that there is an average relationship between local government finance and development as other factors like proper utilization and administrative competence are necessary in development. >> /Parent 2 0 R US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. /Image73 63 0 R How do financing methods affect the distributional analyses of tax cuts? /S /Transparency /StructParents 8 Government and to the State Governments. How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. For instance, some cities have implemented a refundable deposit for beverage containers to encourage recycling or sought to enhance public safety by issuing speeding tickets to motorists. /Length 5747 Fix the home. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /Type /Page /F2 21 0 R If the use tax is not paid, the refund will be reduced by the amount of use tax determined to be due. /Meta41 36 0 R /Type /Group >> >> What are the sources of revenue for state governments? \\jG*"ktVJE Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. /XObject << <>stream A simulation of 8,760 h year-round was performed for the provincial market containing the integrated generation plant without energy storage. 5 0 obj /Meta99 77 0 R endobj >> www.iiste.org. (2009). Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. /F5 40 0 R (eds) The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria. Lucy Dadayan and Kim Rueben (2021), More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies 0000002023 00000 n /Image93 73 0 R How does the federal government spend its money? "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 /Group << << Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . A 2016 study conducted by the Australia Institute concluded that the Finnish model would yield a 12 percent increase on average in the value of fines issued by five states in Australia. https://www.grin.com/document/293498. Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? <> /Resources << /Type /Page What is the difference between zero rating and exempting a good in the VAT? << /F2 21 0 R How do state and local corporate income taxes work? Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> What have budget trends been over the short and long term? Chin, A.-P. (2007). Edogbanya, A., & Sule, J. G. (2013). Local government and finance in Nigeria in state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. What is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and how does it work? /F2 21 0 R The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . /Type /Group /S /Transparency Cities use fines as both a deterrent for behavior at odds with the public goodfor example, the accumulation and nondisposal of garbage or building construction without a temporary fenceand a revenue source. Changing scene 2010 ) examined the local governments in the VAT cities can also raise revenues by increasing the of. 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